{
    "@context": "https://schema.org",
    "@graph": [
        {
            "@type": "Organization",
            "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/#organization",
            "name": "Kilowatts UK",
            "legalName": "Vangarda Build Limited",
            "url": "https://kilowatts.uk/",
            "description": "Kilowatts.uk helps homeowners and businesses compare renewable energy options, installers and independent guides.",
            "address": {
                "@type": "PostalAddress",
                "streetAddress": "Carey, Northwood Road, Westwood",
                "addressLocality": "Broadstairs",
                "addressRegion": "Kent",
                "postalCode": "CT10 2RZ",
                "addressCountry": "GB"
            },
            "telephone": "+448000096058",
            "email": "info@kilowatts.uk",
            "contactPoint": [
                {
                    "@type": "ContactPoint",
                    "telephone": "+448000096058",
                    "contactType": "customer service",
                    "contactOption": "https://schema.org/TollFree",
                    "areaServed": "GB",
                    "availableLanguage": "en-GB"
                }
            ],
            "areaServed": {
                "@type": "Country",
                "name": "United Kingdom"
            },
            "sameAs": [
                "https://www.facebook.com/kilowatts.uk",
                "https://www.youtube.com/@KilowattsUKofficial",
                "https://www.instagram.com/kilowatts.uk/",
                "https://x.com/kilowattsuk",
                "https://www.tiktok.com/@kilowatts.uk",
                "https://uk.pinterest.com/kilowattsuk/",
                "https://www.linkedin.com/company/kilowatts-uk/",
                "https://uk.trustpilot.com/review/kilowatts.uk"
            ],
            "logo": {
                "@type": "ImageObject",
                "url": "https://kilowatts.uk/images/kw-logo-large.png",
                "width": 1024,
                "height": 1024
            }
        },
        {
            "@type": "WebSite",
            "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/#website",
            "url": "https://kilowatts.uk/",
            "name": "Kilowatts UK",
            "description": "Kilowatts.uk helps homeowners and businesses compare renewable energy options, installers and independent guides.",
            "inLanguage": "en-GB",
            "publisher": {
                "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/#organization"
            }
        },
        {
            "@type": "BreadcrumbList",
            "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/perovskite-mini-module-fill-factor-239-percent/#webpage-breadcrumb",
            "itemListElement": [
                {
                    "@type": "ListItem",
                    "position": 1,
                    "name": "Home",
                    "item": "https://kilowatts.uk/"
                },
                {
                    "@type": "ListItem",
                    "position": 2,
                    "name": "Resources",
                    "item": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/"
                },
                {
                    "@type": "ListItem",
                    "position": 3,
                    "name": "Perovskite Mini-Module Reaches 23.9%: What It Means",
                    "item": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/perovskite-mini-module-fill-factor-239-percent/"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "@type": "FAQPage",
            "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/perovskite-mini-module-fill-factor-239-percent/#faq",
            "url": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/perovskite-mini-module-fill-factor-239-percent/#faq",
            "inLanguage": "en-GB",
            "isPartOf": {
                "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/perovskite-mini-module-fill-factor-239-percent/#webpage"
            },
            "mainEntity": [
                {
                    "@type": "Question",
                    "name": "Was 23.9% measured on a full-size roof panel?",
                    "acceptedAnswer": {
                        "@type": "Answer",
                        "text": "No. The paper reports a 19.48 cm2 mini-module aperture, not a full commercial roof panel."
                    }
                },
                {
                    "@type": "Question",
                    "name": "Is 83.3% the module efficiency?",
                    "acceptedAnswer": {
                        "@type": "Answer",
                        "text": "No. The paper reports 83.3% fill factor and 23.9% certified steady-state efficiency, different measures."
                    }
                },
                {
                    "@type": "Question",
                    "name": "Does the result predict my roof savings?",
                    "acceptedAnswer": {
                        "@type": "Answer",
                        "text": "No. That needs an available module specification, roof layout, local conditions and system assumptions."
                    }
                }
            ],
            "datePublished": "2026-11-05T20:06:26+00:00",
            "dateModified": "2026-11-05T12:06:37+00:00",
            "about": {
                "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/perovskite-mini-module-fill-factor-239-percent/#content"
            }
        },
        {
            "@type": "WebPage",
            "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/perovskite-mini-module-fill-factor-239-percent/#webpage",
            "url": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/perovskite-mini-module-fill-factor-239-percent/",
            "encoding": [
                {
                    "@type": "MediaObject",
                    "encodingFormat": "text/markdown",
                    "contentUrl": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/perovskite-mini-module-fill-factor-239-percent.md"
                },
                {
                    "@type": "MediaObject",
                    "encodingFormat": "application/ld+json",
                    "contentUrl": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/perovskite-mini-module-fill-factor-239-percent.schema"
                }
            ],
            "name": "Perovskite Mini-Module Reaches 23.9%: What It Means",
            "headline": "Perovskite Mini-Module Reaches 23.9%: What It Means",
            "description": "A peer-reviewed study reports a certified 23.9% perovskite mini-module. Understand its 19.48 cm2 test area and the gap between a lab result and roof panels.",
            "isPartOf": {
                "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/#website"
            },
            "publisher": {
                "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/#organization"
            },
            "inLanguage": "en-GB",
            "primaryImageOfPage": {
                "@type": "ImageObject",
                "url": "https://kilowatts.uk/uploads_resolved/images/604/1280.webp",
                "width": 960,
                "height": 640
            },
            "breadcrumb": {
                "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/perovskite-mini-module-fill-factor-239-percent/#webpage-breadcrumb"
            },
            "datePublished": "2026-11-05T20:06:26+00:00",
            "dateModified": "2026-11-05T20:06:26+00:00",
            "author": {
                "@type": "Person",
                "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/authors/david-coleman/#person",
                "name": "David Coleman",
                "url": "https://kilowatts.uk/authors/david-coleman/",
                "sameAs": [
                    "https://kilowatts.uk/authors/david-coleman/",
                    "https://www.linkedin.com/in/david-martyn-coleman/"
                ],
                "jobTitle": "Founder & Renewable Energy Author, kilowatts.uk",
                "image": {
                    "@type": "ImageObject",
                    "url": "https://kilowatts.uk/uploads_resolved/images/980/320.webp",
                    "width": 640,
                    "height": 640
                },
                "description": "David Coleman is the founder of kilowatts.uk, a UK-based renewable energy platform. He specialises in solar panels, battery storage, heat pumps, and energy policy, drawing on real installation data and direct industry experience."
            },
            "mainEntity": {
                "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/perovskite-mini-module-fill-factor-239-percent/#content"
            },
            "relatedLink": [
                "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/yesterday-uk/",
                "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/what-is-a-650w-solar-panel-and-is-it-worth-it/",
                "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/noak-tandem-solar-funding-europe/",
                "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/create-an-original-kilowatts/",
                "https://kilowatts.uk/solar-mission/garlinge-primary-school-nursery/",
                "https://kilowatts.uk/solar-mission/st-luke-s-church-of-england-primary-school/",
                "https://kilowatts.uk/solar-mission/comberbach-primary-school/",
                "https://kilowatts.uk/services/residential/renewable-energy/residential-solar-panel-installation/solar-panels/uksol-uks-s108-m10n-r-460/",
                "https://kilowatts.uk/services/residential/renewable-energy/residential-solar-panel-installation/solar-panels/gcl-system-integration-nt12r-54gdf-500/",
                "https://kilowatts.uk/services/residential/renewable-energy/residential-solar-panel-installation/solar-panels/longi-himo-6-explorer-585w/",
                "https://kilowatts.uk/shop/kilowatts-uk/panel-ulica-solar-ul-475m-108ddgn/",
                "https://kilowatts.uk/shop/kilowatts-uk/panel-ulica-solar-ul-480m-108ddgn/",
                "https://kilowatts.uk/shop/kilowatts-uk/panel-ulica-solar-ul-485m-108ddgn/"
            ],
            "significantLink": [
                "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/yesterday-uk/",
                "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/what-is-a-650w-solar-panel-and-is-it-worth-it/",
                "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/noak-tandem-solar-funding-europe/",
                "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/create-an-original-kilowatts/",
                "https://kilowatts.uk/solar-mission/garlinge-primary-school-nursery/",
                "https://kilowatts.uk/solar-mission/st-luke-s-church-of-england-primary-school/"
            ],
            "mentions": [
                {
                    "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/perovskite-mini-module-fill-factor-239-percent/#related-articles"
                },
                {
                    "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/perovskite-mini-module-fill-factor-239-percent/#related-nominations"
                },
                {
                    "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/perovskite-mini-module-fill-factor-239-percent/#related-panels"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "@type": "ItemList",
            "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/perovskite-mini-module-fill-factor-239-percent/#related-articles",
            "name": "Related articles",
            "itemListOrder": "https://schema.org/ItemListOrderUnordered",
            "numberOfItems": 4,
            "itemListElement": [
                {
                    "@type": "ListItem",
                    "position": 1,
                    "name": "Lithium-Sulphur Battery and Perovskite Solar Drone Completes Two-Hour Flight",
                    "item": {
                        "@type": "Article",
                        "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/yesterday-uk/#content",
                        "name": "Lithium-Sulphur Battery and Perovskite Solar Drone Completes Two-Hour Flight",
                        "headline": "Lithium-Sulphur Battery and Perovskite Solar Drone Completes Two-Hour Flight",
                        "url": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/yesterday-uk/",
                        "mainEntityOfPage": {
                            "@type": "WebPage",
                            "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/yesterday-uk/#webpage",
                            "name": "Lithium-Sulphur Battery and Perovskite Solar Drone Completes Two-Hour Flight",
                            "url": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/yesterday-uk/",
                            "description": "A lithium-sulphur battery drone with perovskite solar cells flew almost two hours. What the test does and does not prove for UK energy sites.",
                            "inLanguage": "en-GB",
                            "isPartOf": {
                                "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/#website"
                            },
                            "breadcrumb": {
                                "@type": "BreadcrumbList",
                                "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/yesterday-uk/#breadcrumb",
                                "itemListElement": [
                                    {
                                        "@type": "ListItem",
                                        "position": 1,
                                        "name": "Home",
                                        "item": "https://kilowatts.uk/"
                                    },
                                    {
                                        "@type": "ListItem",
                                        "position": 2,
                                        "name": "Resources",
                                        "item": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/"
                                    },
                                    {
                                        "@type": "ListItem",
                                        "position": 3,
                                        "name": "Lithium-Sulphur Battery and Perovskite Solar Drone Completes Two-Hour Flight",
                                        "item": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/yesterday-uk/"
                                    }
                                ]
                            },
                            "datePublished": "2026-10-01T11:58:28+00:00",
                            "dateModified": "2026-10-01T11:58:28+00:00"
                        },
                        "inLanguage": "en-GB",
                        "isPartOf": {
                            "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/#website"
                        },
                        "description": "A lithium-sulphur battery drone with perovskite solar cells flew almost two hours. What the test does and does not prove for UK energy sites.",
                        "author": {
                            "@type": "Person",
                            "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/authors/david-coleman/#person",
                            "name": "David Coleman",
                            "url": "https://kilowatts.uk/authors/david-coleman/",
                            "sameAs": [
                                "https://kilowatts.uk/authors/david-coleman/",
                                "https://www.linkedin.com/in/david-martyn-coleman/"
                            ],
                            "jobTitle": "Founder & Renewable Energy Author",
                            "image": {
                                "@type": "ImageObject",
                                "url": "https://kilowatts.uk/uploads_resolved/images/980/320.webp",
                                "width": 640,
                                "height": 640
                            },
                            "description": "David Coleman is the founder of kilowatts.uk, a UK-based renewable energy platform. He specialises in solar panels, battery storage, heat pumps, and energy policy, drawing on real installation data and direct industry experience."
                        },
                        "publisher": {
                            "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/#organization"
                        },
                        "image": {
                            "@type": "ImageObject",
                            "url": "https://kilowatts.uk/uploads_resolved/images/853/960.webp",
                            "width": 960,
                            "height": 960
                        },
                        "datePublished": "2026-10-01T11:58:28+00:00",
                        "dateModified": "2026-10-01T11:58:28+00:00",
                        "keywords": "lithium-sulphur-battery, perovskite-solar-cells, solar-drone, battery-flight-test, renewable-energy-technology, lithium-sulphur-pack, perovskite-solar-drone, next-generation-battery, solar-powered-flight, energy-storage-research"
                    }
                },
                {
                    "@type": "ListItem",
                    "position": 2,
                    "name": "Is a 650W solar panel worth it in the UK?",
                    "item": {
                        "@type": "Article",
                        "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/what-is-a-650w-solar-panel-and-is-it-worth-it/#content",
                        "name": "Is a 650W solar panel worth it in the UK?",
                        "headline": "Is a 650W solar panel worth it in the UK?",
                        "url": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/what-is-a-650w-solar-panel-and-is-it-worth-it/",
                        "mainEntityOfPage": {
                            "@type": "WebPage",
                            "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/what-is-a-650w-solar-panel-and-is-it-worth-it/#webpage",
                            "name": "Is a 650W solar panel worth it in the UK?",
                            "url": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/what-is-a-650w-solar-panel-and-is-it-worth-it/",
                            "description": "A 650W solar panel is a large high-output module. It can mean fewer panels, but it is often too big for a typical UK home roof.",
                            "inLanguage": "en-GB",
                            "isPartOf": {
                                "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/#website"
                            },
                            "breadcrumb": {
                                "@type": "BreadcrumbList",
                                "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/what-is-a-650w-solar-panel-and-is-it-worth-it/#breadcrumb",
                                "itemListElement": [
                                    {
                                        "@type": "ListItem",
                                        "position": 1,
                                        "name": "Home",
                                        "item": "https://kilowatts.uk/"
                                    },
                                    {
                                        "@type": "ListItem",
                                        "position": 2,
                                        "name": "Resources",
                                        "item": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/"
                                    },
                                    {
                                        "@type": "ListItem",
                                        "position": 3,
                                        "name": "Is a 650W solar panel worth it in the UK?",
                                        "item": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/what-is-a-650w-solar-panel-and-is-it-worth-it/"
                                    }
                                ]
                            },
                            "datePublished": "2026-04-11T00:26:43+00:00",
                            "dateModified": "2026-04-11T00:41:16+00:00"
                        },
                        "inLanguage": "en-GB",
                        "isPartOf": {
                            "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/#website"
                        },
                        "description": "A 650W solar panel is a large high-output module. It can mean fewer panels, but it is often too big for a typical UK home roof.",
                        "author": {
                            "@type": "Person",
                            "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/authors/david-coleman/#person",
                            "name": "David Coleman",
                            "url": "https://kilowatts.uk/authors/david-coleman/",
                            "sameAs": [
                                "https://kilowatts.uk/authors/david-coleman/",
                                "https://www.linkedin.com/in/david-martyn-coleman/"
                            ],
                            "jobTitle": "Founder & Renewable Energy Author",
                            "image": {
                                "@type": "ImageObject",
                                "url": "https://kilowatts.uk/uploads_resolved/images/980/320.webp",
                                "width": 640,
                                "height": 640
                            },
                            "description": "David Coleman is the founder of kilowatts.uk, a UK-based renewable energy platform. He specialises in solar panels, battery storage, heat pumps, and energy policy, drawing on real installation data and direct industry experience."
                        },
                        "publisher": {
                            "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/#organization"
                        },
                        "image": {
                            "@type": "ImageObject",
                            "url": "https://kilowatts.uk/uploads_resolved/images/208/960.webp",
                            "width": 960,
                            "height": 640
                        },
                        "datePublished": "2026-04-11T00:26:43+00:00",
                        "dateModified": "2026-04-11T00:41:16+00:00",
                        "keywords": "650w-solar-panel, solar-panels-uk, large-solar-panels, solar-panel-efficiency, solar-system-design, uk-solar-installation, solar-panel-size, residential-solar-uk, solar-energy-uk, solar-panel-output"
                    }
                },
                {
                    "@type": "ListItem",
                    "position": 3,
                    "name": "Noak Raises EUR5m for Tandem Solar Development",
                    "item": {
                        "@type": "Article",
                        "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/noak-tandem-solar-funding-europe/#content",
                        "name": "Noak Raises EUR5m for Tandem Solar Development",
                        "headline": "Noak Raises EUR5m for Tandem Solar Development",
                        "url": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/noak-tandem-solar-funding-europe/",
                        "mainEntityOfPage": {
                            "@type": "WebPage",
                            "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/noak-tandem-solar-funding-europe/#webpage",
                            "name": "Noak Raises EUR5m for Tandem Solar Development",
                            "url": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/noak-tandem-solar-funding-europe/",
                            "description": "Noak has raised EUR5 million to develop perovskite-silicon tandem solar. What the European spinout means for UK buyers, and what remains unproven.",
                            "inLanguage": "en-GB",
                            "isPartOf": {
                                "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/#website"
                            },
                            "breadcrumb": {
                                "@type": "BreadcrumbList",
                                "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/noak-tandem-solar-funding-europe/#breadcrumb",
                                "itemListElement": [
                                    {
                                        "@type": "ListItem",
                                        "position": 1,
                                        "name": "Home",
                                        "item": "https://kilowatts.uk/"
                                    },
                                    {
                                        "@type": "ListItem",
                                        "position": 2,
                                        "name": "Resources",
                                        "item": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/"
                                    },
                                    {
                                        "@type": "ListItem",
                                        "position": 3,
                                        "name": "Noak Raises EUR5m for Tandem Solar Development",
                                        "item": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/noak-tandem-solar-funding-europe/"
                                    }
                                ]
                            },
                            "datePublished": "2026-11-05T20:05:39+00:00",
                            "dateModified": "2026-11-05T20:05:39+00:00"
                        },
                        "inLanguage": "en-GB",
                        "isPartOf": {
                            "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/#website"
                        },
                        "description": "Noak has raised EUR5 million to develop perovskite-silicon tandem solar. What the European spinout means for UK buyers, and what remains unproven.",
                        "author": {
                            "@type": "Person",
                            "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/authors/david-coleman/#person",
                            "name": "David Coleman",
                            "url": "https://kilowatts.uk/authors/david-coleman/",
                            "sameAs": [
                                "https://kilowatts.uk/authors/david-coleman/",
                                "https://www.linkedin.com/in/david-martyn-coleman/"
                            ],
                            "jobTitle": "Founder & Renewable Energy Author",
                            "image": {
                                "@type": "ImageObject",
                                "url": "https://kilowatts.uk/uploads_resolved/images/980/320.webp",
                                "width": 640,
                                "height": 640
                            },
                            "description": "David Coleman is the founder of kilowatts.uk, a UK-based renewable energy platform. He specialises in solar panels, battery storage, heat pumps, and energy policy, drawing on real installation data and direct industry experience."
                        },
                        "publisher": {
                            "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/#organization"
                        },
                        "image": {
                            "@type": "ImageObject",
                            "url": "https://kilowatts.uk/uploads_resolved/images/915/960.webp",
                            "width": 960,
                            "height": 504
                        },
                        "datePublished": "2026-11-05T20:05:39+00:00",
                        "dateModified": "2026-11-05T20:05:39+00:00",
                        "keywords": "solar-technology, perovskite, tandem-solar"
                    }
                },
                {
                    "@type": "ListItem",
                    "position": 4,
                    "name": "Kilowatts UK: Underwater Solar Energy",
                    "item": {
                        "@type": "Article",
                        "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/create-an-original-kilowatts/#content",
                        "name": "Kilowatts UK: Underwater Solar Energy",
                        "headline": "Kilowatts UK: Underwater Solar Energy",
                        "url": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/create-an-original-kilowatts/",
                        "mainEntityOfPage": {
                            "@type": "WebPage",
                            "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/create-an-original-kilowatts/#webpage",
                            "name": "Kilowatts UK: Underwater Solar Energy",
                            "url": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/create-an-original-kilowatts/",
                            "description": "Underwater solar panels can work when enough sunlight reaches them. A recent perovskite solar cell study shows useful prototype output at 10 metres depth.",
                            "inLanguage": "en-GB",
                            "isPartOf": {
                                "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/#website"
                            },
                            "breadcrumb": {
                                "@type": "BreadcrumbList",
                                "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/create-an-original-kilowatts/#breadcrumb",
                                "itemListElement": [
                                    {
                                        "@type": "ListItem",
                                        "position": 1,
                                        "name": "Home",
                                        "item": "https://kilowatts.uk/"
                                    },
                                    {
                                        "@type": "ListItem",
                                        "position": 2,
                                        "name": "Resources",
                                        "item": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/"
                                    },
                                    {
                                        "@type": "ListItem",
                                        "position": 3,
                                        "name": "Kilowatts UK: Underwater Solar Energy",
                                        "item": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/create-an-original-kilowatts/"
                                    }
                                ]
                            },
                            "datePublished": "2026-09-18T21:24:32+00:00",
                            "dateModified": "2026-09-18T21:24:32+00:00"
                        },
                        "inLanguage": "en-GB",
                        "isPartOf": {
                            "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/#website"
                        },
                        "description": "Underwater solar panels can work when enough sunlight reaches them. A recent perovskite solar cell study shows useful prototype output at 10 metres depth.",
                        "author": {
                            "@type": "Person",
                            "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/authors/david-coleman/#person",
                            "name": "David Coleman",
                            "url": "https://kilowatts.uk/authors/david-coleman/",
                            "sameAs": [
                                "https://kilowatts.uk/authors/david-coleman/",
                                "https://www.linkedin.com/in/david-martyn-coleman/"
                            ],
                            "jobTitle": "Founder & Renewable Energy Author",
                            "image": {
                                "@type": "ImageObject",
                                "url": "https://kilowatts.uk/uploads_resolved/images/980/320.webp",
                                "width": 640,
                                "height": 640
                            },
                            "description": "David Coleman is the founder of kilowatts.uk, a UK-based renewable energy platform. He specialises in solar panels, battery storage, heat pumps, and energy policy, drawing on real installation data and direct industry experience."
                        },
                        "publisher": {
                            "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/#organization"
                        },
                        "image": {
                            "@type": "ImageObject",
                            "url": "https://kilowatts.uk/uploads_resolved/images/760/960.webp",
                            "width": 960,
                            "height": 540
                        },
                        "datePublished": "2026-09-18T21:24:32+00:00",
                        "dateModified": "2026-09-18T21:24:32+00:00",
                        "keywords": "home-battery, solar-storage, renewable-energy-uk, solar-panels-uk, battery-storage, uk-solar-grants, panel-efficiency, inverter-sizing, export-tariff, installation-cost"
                    }
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "@type": "ItemList",
            "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/perovskite-mini-module-fill-factor-239-percent/#related-nominations",
            "name": "Mo's Mission nominations",
            "itemListOrder": "https://schema.org/ItemListOrderUnordered",
            "numberOfItems": 3,
            "itemListElement": [
                {
                    "@type": "ListItem",
                    "position": 1,
                    "name": "Garlinge Primary School and Nursery",
                    "item": "https://kilowatts.uk/solar-mission/garlinge-primary-school-nursery/"
                },
                {
                    "@type": "ListItem",
                    "position": 2,
                    "name": "St Luke's Church of England Primary School",
                    "item": "https://kilowatts.uk/solar-mission/st-luke-s-church-of-england-primary-school/"
                },
                {
                    "@type": "ListItem",
                    "position": 3,
                    "name": "Comberbach Nursery and Primary School",
                    "item": "https://kilowatts.uk/solar-mission/comberbach-primary-school/"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "@type": "ItemList",
            "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/perovskite-mini-module-fill-factor-239-percent/#related-panels",
            "name": "Solar panels",
            "itemListOrder": "https://schema.org/ItemListOrderUnordered",
            "numberOfItems": 3,
            "itemListElement": [
                {
                    "@type": "ListItem",
                    "position": 1,
                    "name": "UKSOL UKS-S108-M10N-R 460W",
                    "item": "https://kilowatts.uk/services/residential/renewable-energy/residential-solar-panel-installation/solar-panels/uksol-uks-s108-m10n-r-460/"
                },
                {
                    "@type": "ListItem",
                    "position": 2,
                    "name": "NT12R/54GDF 500 W",
                    "item": "https://kilowatts.uk/services/residential/renewable-energy/residential-solar-panel-installation/solar-panels/gcl-system-integration-nt12r-54gdf-500/"
                },
                {
                    "@type": "ListItem",
                    "position": 3,
                    "name": "LONGi Hi-MO 6 Explorer 585W",
                    "item": "https://kilowatts.uk/services/residential/renewable-energy/residential-solar-panel-installation/solar-panels/longi-himo-6-explorer-585w/"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "@type": "ItemList",
            "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/perovskite-mini-module-fill-factor-239-percent/#related-products",
            "name": "Shop",
            "itemListOrder": "https://schema.org/ItemListOrderUnordered",
            "numberOfItems": 3,
            "itemListElement": [
                {
                    "@type": "ListItem",
                    "position": 1,
                    "name": "Ulica Solar Black Jade Flow 475 W",
                    "item": "https://kilowatts.uk/shop/kilowatts-uk/panel-ulica-solar-ul-475m-108ddgn/"
                },
                {
                    "@type": "ListItem",
                    "position": 2,
                    "name": "Ulica Solar Black Jade Flow 480 W",
                    "item": "https://kilowatts.uk/shop/kilowatts-uk/panel-ulica-solar-ul-480m-108ddgn/"
                },
                {
                    "@type": "ListItem",
                    "position": 3,
                    "name": "Ulica Solar Black Jade Flow 485 W",
                    "item": "https://kilowatts.uk/shop/kilowatts-uk/panel-ulica-solar-ul-485m-108ddgn/"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "@type": "Person",
            "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/authors/david-coleman/#person",
            "name": "David Coleman",
            "jobTitle": "Founder & Renewable Energy Author, kilowatts.uk",
            "worksFor": {
                "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/#organization"
            },
            "url": "https://kilowatts.uk/authors/david-coleman/",
            "image": {
                "@type": "ImageObject",
                "url": "https://kilowatts.uk/uploads_resolved/images/980/320.webp",
                "width": 640,
                "height": 640
            },
            "sameAs": [
                "https://kilowatts.uk/authors/david-coleman/",
                "https://www.linkedin.com/in/david-martyn-coleman/"
            ]
        },
        {
            "@type": "Article",
            "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/perovskite-mini-module-fill-factor-239-percent/#content",
            "mainEntityOfPage": {
                "@type": "WebPage",
                "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/perovskite-mini-module-fill-factor-239-percent/#webpage",
                "name": "Perovskite Mini-Module Reaches 23.9%: What It Means",
                "url": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/perovskite-mini-module-fill-factor-239-percent/",
                "description": "A peer-reviewed study reports a certified 23.9% perovskite mini-module. Understand its 19.48 cm2 test area and the gap between a lab result and roof panels.",
                "inLanguage": "en-GB",
                "isPartOf": {
                    "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/#website"
                },
                "breadcrumb": {
                    "@type": "BreadcrumbList",
                    "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/perovskite-mini-module-fill-factor-239-percent/#breadcrumb",
                    "itemListElement": [
                        {
                            "@type": "ListItem",
                            "position": 1,
                            "name": "Home",
                            "item": "https://kilowatts.uk/"
                        },
                        {
                            "@type": "ListItem",
                            "position": 2,
                            "name": "Resources",
                            "item": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/"
                        },
                        {
                            "@type": "ListItem",
                            "position": 3,
                            "name": "Perovskite Mini-Module Reaches 23.9%: What It Means",
                            "item": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/perovskite-mini-module-fill-factor-239-percent/"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "datePublished": "2026-11-05T20:06:26+00:00",
                "dateModified": "2026-11-05T20:06:26+00:00"
            },
            "inLanguage": "en-GB",
            "isPartOf": {
                "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/#website"
            },
            "headline": "Perovskite Mini-Module Reaches 23.9%: What It Means",
            "name": "Perovskite Mini-Module Reaches 23.9%: What It Means",
            "description": "A peer-reviewed study reports a certified 23.9% perovskite mini-module. Understand its 19.48 cm2 test area and the gap between a lab result and roof panels.",
            "articleSection": "Resources",
            "publisher": {
                "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/#organization"
            },
            "about": [
                {
                    "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/tags/solar-research/#entity",
                    "name": "Solar Research"
                },
                {
                    "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/tags/perovskite/#entity",
                    "name": "Perovskite"
                },
                {
                    "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/tags/solar-efficiency/#entity",
                    "name": "Solar Efficiency"
                }
            ],
            "keywords": "solar-research, perovskite, solar-efficiency",
            "image": {
                "@type": "ImageObject",
                "url": "https://kilowatts.uk/uploads_resolved/images/915/960.webp",
                "width": 960,
                "height": 504
            },
            "potentialAction": {
                "@type": "ReadAction",
                "target": "https://kilowatts.uk/resources/perovskite-mini-module-fill-factor-239-percent/"
            },
            "datePublished": "2026-11-05T20:06:26+00:00",
            "dateModified": "2026-11-05T20:06:26+00:00",
            "author": {
                "@type": "Person",
                "@id": "https://kilowatts.uk/authors/david-coleman/#person",
                "name": "David Coleman",
                "jobTitle": "Founder & Renewable Energy Author, kilowatts.uk",
                "url": "https://kilowatts.uk/authors/david-coleman/",
                "image": {
                    "@type": "ImageObject",
                    "url": "https://kilowatts.uk/uploads_resolved/images/980/320.webp",
                    "width": 640,
                    "height": 640
                },
                "sameAs": [
                    "https://kilowatts.uk/authors/david-coleman/",
                    "https://www.linkedin.com/in/david-martyn-coleman/"
                ]
            }
        }
    ]
}